Zolfaghar and Qadr missiles alongside a metal model of a mini submarine are displayed at Azadi Square in Tehran, Iran, on July 24, 2026. —Fatemeh Bahrami—Anadolu/Getty Images
President Donald Trump said over the weekend that U.S.-Iran talks would resume after he called off major planned strikes—but on Monday, the day he said negotiations were going to restart, Iran denied that it was engaged in any talks with the U.S.
“At present, we are not having any negotiations with the US,” Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmaeil Baghaei said during a news conference Monday morning, according to the Financial Times.
Baghaei said Iran was in talks with Oman, which he described as being “focused on reaching an understanding on a route for the safe passage of shipping to resume through the Strait of Hormuz.”
Trump fired back at Iran on Monday, calling the country’s leaders “unbelievably duplicitous!”
“They ask for a meeting, some would say ‘beg,’ talks begin, with more scheduled in the immediate future, and they say, openly and proudly, that they’re not having any discussions, that nothing is being talked about, and they’re only dealing with ‘Oman,’” Trump said in a Truth Social post. “Whether Iran wants to admit it or not, we are, in fact, talking of a solution to a problem that they have caused, for decades. It is very simple, IRAN WILL NEVER HAVE A NUCLEAR WEAPON!”
Later on Monday, during an unrelated signing for an Executive Order, Trump insisted that talks with Iran are “going on right now.”
“For some reason, when they’re talking, they don’t like saying that they’re talking,” Trump said of Iran. He went on to tell reporters that the negotiations are focused on opening the Strait of Hormuz, and that “phase two” of the talks will be about Iran’s “nuclear capacity.”
The American President previously said in a late Saturday post on Truth Social that he had agreed to requests by Iran and other Middle Eastern countries to “hold off any attack in that the perimeters of a deal has been agreed to.” The framework agreement, Trump said, “would include the Immediate, Complete, and Total OPENING OF THE HORMUZ STRAIT, and an end to Iran’s nuclear threat.”
“Based on this request, I have agreed, for the future benefit of the WORLD and, likewise, the survival of a successful and prosperous Iran, to cancel the attack, subject to being able to rapidly make a DEAL,” Trump said. “Get to work, everybody, and get it DONE.”
He added that Israel also agreed to join the U.S. “in this commitment.” Israel has not publicly announced a commitment to suspend attacks on Iran.
The U.S. President told reporters on Sunday that a new round of talks would begin on Monday afternoon but did not provide further details about the negotiations or a deadline for a deal.
It’s far from the first time that the U.S. and Iran have agreed to pause attacks or signaled diplomatic progress, only to backtrack days later.
Trump has reportedly contemplated relaunching major operations in Iran and the U.S. has carried out weeks of strikes against Iran in an attempt to reopen the Strait, which Iran militarized in early March. In his Saturday post, Trump also warned that the U.S. “is locked and loaded and ready to go” against Iran “at levels of Military Terror, Strength, and Power not seen since World War II.”
Since the U.S. and Israel launched the war against Iran on Feb. 28, the countries have paused and resumed fighting multiple times. The joint U.S.-Israeli strikes collapsed ongoing nuclear talks between the U.S. and Iran, and analysts previously told TIME that the attacks likely hardened Iran’s position towards negotiating with the U.S. Iran has consistently denied seeking a nuclear weapon.
On March 9, Trump said the war was “very complete, pretty much” and claimed that Iran’s military had been destroyed. Yet, fighting continued, and six days later Trump called on NATO allies and China to help reopen the Strait.
Late in March, with global energy prices soaring as Iran targeted Gulf refineries and ships crossing the Strait of Hormuz, Washington and Tehran began to exchange cease-fire proposals via Pakistan and other mediators. The two countries agreed to a two-week Pakistani-mediated cease-fire that began on April 8. The cease-fire suspended most of the intense fighting, but low-level exchanges especially around the Strait of Hormuz continued.
Israel also escalated its attacks on Lebanon, which Iran said was a cease-fire violation. Iran has repeatedly insisted that any cease-fire must include Lebanon, and analysts have said that Israel’s continued attacks—even after Trump later pressed Netanyahu to stop—could upend any U.S.-Iran deal.
Trump announced on April 21 that the cease-fire was extended indefinitely, even as the Strait remained closed, the U.S. continued to blockade Iranian ports, and clashes continued around the Strait. The U.S. insisted the cease-fire was still on and suspended its large-scale aerial campaign.
On May 1, Trump informed Congress that hostilities with Iran “have terminated,” arguing that the War Powers Resolution’s deadline for congressional authorization no longer applied. A week later, U.S. and Iranian forces exchanged fire around the Strait, with U.S. forces disabling two Iranian tankers. Later that month, Trump said he cancelled a planned attack because “serious negotiations” were underway. U.S. strikes resumed by the end of May after negotiations faltered.
Hours after threatening to hit Iran “VERY HARD,” Trump announced a negotiating “breakthrough.” On June 17, the U.S. and Iran signed a 14-point memorandum of understanding that halted military operations, ended the U.S. blockade, and reopened the Strait of Hormuz. The two parties began talks towards a fleshed out agreement to end the war that weekend in Switzerland.
But the issue of the Strait of Hormuz remained unresolved, and in late June, days after the MOU was signed, U.S. officials said Iran struck a commercial ship in the Strait. The U.S. retaliated with strikes on Iran and officials said Iran attacked another tanker. The U.N. maritime agency paused its escort mission for ships stranded in the Strait, as the renewed violence heightened uncertainty around when global energy prices might stabilize.
The U.S. and Iran held indirect talks with mediators in Doha beginning June 30. While Qatar and Pakistan announced “positive progress,” the next round of talks did not proceed as envisaged. In the midst of a weeklong funeral processions for Iran’s slain Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in which officials and people called for his death to be avenged, three commercial ships were attacked. The U.S. retaliated against the suspected Iranian attacks with strikes on Iran on July 7.
On July 8, Trump declared the cease-fire “over.” The U.S. resumed its aerial campaign on Iran, including nearly two weeks of consecutive strikes, while Iran retaliated with missile and drone attacks against countries with U.S. bases.
Over the weekend of July 25, the U.S. and Iran paused fighting. Trump said he ordered U.S. forces to hold fire at the request of mediators, and Iran said it would halt its attacks for as long as the U.S. held off on strikes.
Fears spread of a widening war as more countries appeared to be getting involved. On Wednesday, U.S. and Saudi forces struck Iran-linked militias in Iraq, as Saudi Arabia accused them of launching drones at its oil facilities. And two gas vessels, including a U.S.-owned floating storage facility, at a Mediterranean port in Egypt caught fire in what appeared to be the first attack on Egyptian territory during the war.
Where things stand now
Trump’s announcement of a pause in U.S. attacks and the resumption of talks with Iran over the weekend came after he publicly and privately mused about resuming full-scale operations against the country. Last week, Trump reportedly ditched plans to escalate the U.S. military campaign after advisers cautioned that such an offensive could put the Pentagon’s munitions stockpile at dangerous levels. Still, at least publicly, Trump continued to threaten more attacks on Iran. On Friday, the President said U.S. forces “will be hitting them very hard, and you know at some point, they’re going to say, ‘We just can’t take it anymore.’”
It appeared that the U.S. was planning a major attack. On Saturday, the State Department issued new security alerts over the potential risk of escalation, and U.S. embassies in Jordan, Iraq, and Israel advised heightened caution.
Later that day, Trump said he had called off the attack at Iran’s request.
But Iran disputed Trump’s rationale for calling off the attack. Instead, Iranian officials suggested that the threat of further disruptions to global markets, including if Iran’s proxies escalated attacks in other shipping routes, forced Trump to back down.
Iran’s Mehr news agency rejected Trump’s claim that Iran had requested the pause. The country’s Acting Defense Minister Majid Ebn-e-Reza said Trump retreated “within the context of psychological operations and a war of calculations,” and that Iran “will neither be taken by surprise nor will we be passive” after the announcement.
Iranian media reported that Iran and Oman were in the final stages of negotiating an agreement over the Strait of Hormuz. The U.S.-Iran MOU had stated that the Strait should be open but left the details of its management to discussions between Iran and Oman. Baghaei told Iranian state TV that the talks are centered on a new route through the Strait “that respects the sovereign rights of both sides,” but that it “will in no way return to the status it was before” the war began. During the Monday news conference, he said that the “matters concerning Iran and the U.S. will be addressed at a later stage.”
“As long as the U.S. naval blockade against Iran remains in place and its military aggression continues, there will naturally be no change in the status quo in the Strait of Hormuz,” Baghaei said, according to the Financial Times.
Israel’s position in the U.S.-Iran talks is also unclear. Trump met with Netanyahu in Washington last week and discussed the possibility of using diplomacy, economic pressure, and force to curb Iran’s nuclear program, an Israeli official told Reuters. Analysts previously told TIME that Iran would have little incentive to accept an agreement without sufficient guarantees against an Israeli attack.
“With or without an agreement, and regardless of any external commitments,” Israeli Energy Minister Eli Cohen told Reuters, “if Iran attempts to renew its nuclear program or advance its ballistic missile industries, we will be there. We will take action, and we will strike.”
Although fire weather conditions have greatly improved across the Pacific Northwest, poor air quality will continue due to the wildfire smoke across the region.
UK manufacturers ramped up production last month for the fourth consecutive month and at the fastest pace in almost two years, according to a leading survey of the industry.
The S&P Global poll of manufacturers found them in upbeat mood in July, though anxious about the prospect of a long war in the Middle East that would block supplies of oil and gas, and raise the cost of production.
On Tuesday, we’ll bring you the latest from Michigan where voters will head to the polls for competitive primaries in Senate and House races.
The most closely watched competition is the Democratic primary for the US Senate, where congresswoman Haley Stevens is up against former public health official Abdul El-Sayed. They’re vying to ultimately win the seat of outgoing senator Gary Peters in November. The race has now turned into a proxy battle for the future of the Democratic party. Establishment-backed Stevens has received support from party leaders and her race has been buoyed by millions from the pro-Israel lobby. Meanwhile the insurgent El-Sayed has built a strong grassroots movement and is endorsed by progressives lawmakers in the Democratic caucus.
Seven people, including three children, dead after ‘drone debris’ strike beach in seaside town, says Russian taskforce
Ukrainian drone attacks on a Black Sea resort and the annexed Crimea peninsula killed 11 people, Russian officials said, after blaming Ukraine for another explosion that killed five people in a Moscow restaurant.
Seven people, including three children, were killed when “drone debris” struck a beach in the seaside town of Arkhipo-Osipovka, the crisis taskforce for Russia’s southern Krasnodar region said on social media.
Выскажу свое непопулярное мнение. Просьба дочитать внимательно до конца. До стадии MVP вам нет смысла задумываться о юридической стороне проекта. Это могут быть выброшенные деньги и время, поскольку существует вероятность остаться с нереализованным проектом и только с документами на руках. Это касается и стартапов на стадии pre-seed.
Ну почти все так. Есть, как говорится, пару моментов.
Если вы делаете проект в соло без кофаундеров и не планируете привлекать инвестиции или продавать проект, то вся информация ниже вам не нужна в 90% случаев. Это я точно могу сказать. Остальных просьба остаться тут.
This man fought a four-decade war against the Voting Rights Act. He has some help from a once-small faction within the Republican Party that took over the Supreme Court. | Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images
Last June, in a case that effectively guaranteed one of Alabama’s Black Democratic members of Congress would be replaced by a white Republican, the Supreme Court used a single word that delighted movement conservatives and made many longtime civil rights advocates want to weep.
The word “colorblind” might not suggest, to many casual observers, the gravity of what the phrase means, how much power it has to roll back civil-rights reforms enacted in the 1960s — and the major ideological change ushered in by this Supreme Court. Proponents of colorblindness argue that any law that draws distinctions on the basis of race, for any reason whatsoever, is equally repugnant under the Constitution. Under this theory, laws like the Voting Rights Act and similar efforts to lift up historically disadvantaged racial groups are legally indistinguishable from the very kind of Jim Crow discrimination that the VRA sought to abolish.
Key takeaways
The Supreme Court recently declared that the Constitution is “colorblind.” This means laws that seek to elevate historically disadvantaged racial groups are just as unconstitutional as Jim Crow laws.
Colorblindness was once a fringe idea, but now it is the law of the land. It is the reason why the landmark Voting Rights Act is almost entirely dead.
Although proponents of colorblindness claim their idea was embraced by post-Civil War drafters of the 14th Amendment, it’s really a much newer idea that began to emerge in the 1970s.
It’s an idea that cuts across the Roberts Court’s race decisions, including its decisions abolishing affirmative action in nearly all universities, its decisions undercutting public school integration, and its decisions dismantling the VRA.Under the colorblind thesis, the Constitution sees a modern law intended to guarantee some Black representation in Congress as precisely as intolerable as a 19th-century law forbidding Black people from voting at all.
As Chief Justice John Roberts summarized colorblindness in a 2007 opinion, “the way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race.”
And lest there be any doubt, the Court’s commitment to this project extends far beyond a few pithy quotes.Just over one month before Allen, in Louisiana v. Callais (2026), the Court’s Republican majority imposed colorblindness on the laws governing US elections, effectively killing a 1982 amendment to the VRA — which was signed by President Ronald Reagan — in the process. Three years earlier, in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard(2023), the same justices implemented colorblindness in college and university admissions, ending affirmative action in nearly every institution of higher education in the country.
Allen’s reference to “our colorblind Constitution” confirms the breadth of this project, because if the colorblind thesis is imposed by the Constitution itself, that means that judges must strike down any law or government program that takes account of race, whether in hiring, federal contracting, university admissions, elections, or the military. (Though it is notable that the Harvard decision did dodge the question of whether service academies such as West Point may take account of race in admissions, after military leaders raised concerns that a racially diverse enlisted corps would resent being commanded by a corps of officers who do not resemble them.)
This shift in the Court’s approach to race cases is likely to lead to a purge of programs intended to benefit historically disadvantaged groups. Armed with precedents like Callais and Harvard, pro-colorblindness advocacy groups have filed a wide range of lawsuits challenging scholarships for minority youth, targeting groups that promote minority-owned businesses, and even trying to prevent universities from conducting surveys of Black students.
The GOP’s hard-right turn against laws like the Voting Rights Act is a recent development. Callais, after all, neutralized a law signed by Reagan, a Republican. An earlier Supreme Court case invalidating much of the VRA, Shelby County v. Holder (2013), struck down an extension of the VRA that was signed by Republican President George W. Bush. A significant faction within the GOP has fought against the VRA since the Nixon administration, but they repeatedly lost in the two elected branches of government and only prevailed after they captured an unelected judiciary.
But the victory of the “colorblind” theory in the conservative legal movement is alsothe result of decades of work. It is largely a story of how a once-fringe faction within the Republican Party took over both that party and then the Supreme Court. And, now that it controls the Court, that faction seeks to lock its approach to racial questions in place forever.
The pre-Roberts Court’s approach to race
Proponents of the colorblindness thesis often trace its origins to Justice John Marshall Harlan, the only dissenter in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court’s infamous decision permitting racial segregation. “Our Constitution is color-blind,” Harlan wrote in that dissent, “and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law.”
Yet, while Harlan was a racial progressive by the standards of late 19th-century legal elites, his views would offend nearly all modern-day Americans. The full context of Harlan’s famous “color-blind” line suggests that he rejected segregation, at least in part, because he viewed it as unnecessary to maintain white supremacy. “The white race deems itself to be the dominant race in this country. And so it is in prestige, in achievements, in education, in wealth and in power,” Harlan began the very same paragraph that includes the line about colorblindness. “So, I doubt not, it will continue to be for all time if it remains true to its great heritage and holds fast to the principles of constitutional liberty.”
The truth is that modern legal arguments regarding the Constitution’s racial equality provisions did not fully take shape until late in the 20th century. The Court’s landmark school desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education(1954) spoke only of a right to racially integrated public schools: “We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.” After Brown, the Court handed down a series of unexplained orders affirming lower court decisions that struck down segregation at public beaches, municipal golf courses, parks and elsewhere. But many of these orders were just one sentence long, and they hardly answered the question of why segregation is unconstitutional outside of the public school context.
By the 1970s, legal scholars began to split between two competing theories of how the Constitution approaches race. The first theory, which Yale law professor Reva Siegel labels the “antisubordination” principle, contends that “it is wrong for the state to engage in practices that enforce the inferior social status of historically oppressed groups.” On this theory, Brown was correctly decided because the purpose of school segregation was to subordinate Black people, and the Constitution does not tolerate a racial underclass.
The other theory, which Siegel labels the “anticlassification” principle, simply declares that “government may not classify on the basis of race.” And thus any law that draws any distinction on the basis of race is constitutionally suspect, even if that law was enacted to undo the legacy of racism.
The Supreme Court of the 1970s and ’80s, however, did not divide into two neat camps. Every late 20th-century justice was at least a moderate proponent of Siegel’s anticlassification principle. While Justice Thurgood Marshall, for example, argued that the Constitution views laws which seek to “remed[y] the present effects of past racial discrimination” with less skepticism than it does laws that enforce white supremacy, he still would have subjected affirmative action and similar programs to “intermediate scrutiny,” which is the same test that courts apply to laws that discriminate against women.
Meanwhile, while a majority of the Court ultimately concluded that both Jim Crow-like laws and programs like affirmative action must survive the same exacting legal test — known as “strict scrutiny” — the Court also permitted at least some affirmative action programs to exist. The seminal case was Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), which recognized that students from underrepresented racial groups bring “experiences, outlooks, and ideas” to the classroom “that enrich the training of its student body and better equip its graduates.”
And thus, if universities could not take some steps to racially diversify their student bodies, all of those students, including the white ones, would receive an inferior education.
The pre-Roberts Court, in other words, took a pragmatic approach to race cases that avoided drawing rigid lines or categorically declaring well-meaning programs intended to achieve racial equality off-limits. The justices of this era also understood that institutions outside of the Court often had far more expertise on how to foster a pluralistic society than nine lawyers in black robes.
Take Justice Lewis Powell’s opinion in Bakke, which said that “it is the business of a university to provide that atmosphere which is most conducive to speculation, experiment and creation,” and which ultimately concluded that universities “must be accorded the right to select those students who will contribute the most to the ‘robust exchange of ideas.’”
Powell was a white Southerner who, as chair of the Richmond, Virginia, school board, left office six years after Brown with only two of Richmond’s 23,000 Black children attending school alongside white students. But he was also humble enough to recognize that universities knew something about how to educate university students to succeed in a diverse nation that he and his fellow justices did not. And so he gave these universities some leeway to exercise that expertise.
Indeed, if anything, the current Court’s most defining feature is the complete absence of the very kind of humility that Powell showed in Bakke — especially on questions of race.
Writing colorblindness into the Constitution was one of Roberts’s top priorities as chief justice
John Roberts became chief justice of the United States in 2005. Less than two years later, he made his first big push to write colorblindness into the Constitution.
In a sharp break with earlier school segregation decisions, which concluded that public schools may require each school to have “a prescribed ratio of Negro to white students reflecting the proportion for the district as a whole,” Roberts wrote that public schools are forbidden from voluntarily integrating themselves.
Parents Involved v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) involved two school districts, one in Seattle and another in Louisville, that allowed families to select which schools they wanted their children to attend. If more students chose a particular school than that school could accommodate, however, the districts gave a preference to children who would make their chosen school more diverse. The idea was that, since the districts had to come up with some way to determine who got to attend oversubscribed schools, it should do so in a way that fostered racial integration.
This was the case where Roberts declared that “the way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race.” Indeed, Roberts even wrote that these two districts’ attempt to integrate public schools was no less odious than Jim Crow segregation. “Before Brown, schoolchildren were told where they could and could not go to school based on the color of their skin.” The school districts in Parents Involved, he claimed, asked his Court to “allow this once again — even for very different reasons.”
This is the essence of the colorblind theory of the Constitution. According to Roberts, the Constitution draws no distinction between white supremacist laws that segregate children by race, and an administrative scheme that tries to slightly increase the racial diversity of public schools.
It’s worth noting that Roberts’s views did not fully carry the day in Parents Involved, although a total of five justices agreed that the two school districts’ assignment schemes must be struck down. Justice Anthony Kennedy, who retired in 2018, wrote a separate opinion criticizing Roberts for going too far. “In the administration of public schools by the state and local authorities,” Kennedy concluded, “it is permissible to consider the racial makeup of schools and to adopt general policies to encourage a diverse student body, one aspect of which is its racial composition.”
But the Court’s overarching conclusion that racial integration can violate the Constitution still shocked the seniormost member of the Court. In dissent, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote that “it is my firm conviction that no Member of the Court that I joined in 1975 would have agreed with today’s decision.”
A justice ready to take colorblindness from a fringe idea into the law of the land
In 1982, President Reagan signed an amendment to the Voting Rights Act which clarified that state election laws that have a disproportionate negative impact on racial minorities violate the VRA, even if the plaintiffs cannot prove those laws were enacted with racist intent — this was the amendment that Roberts’s Court effectively repealed in its Callais decision. Reagan did so over the objections of a conservative faction within his administration, and one of the most vocal members of this faction was a young lawyer named John Roberts.
As a Reagan White House attorney, according to journalist Ari Berman, Roberts “wrote upwards of 25 memos opposing” the 1982 law. He “prepared administration officials for their testimony before the Senate; attended weekly strategy sessions; and worked closely with like-minded senators on Capitol Hill.”
Meanwhile, in an unrelated 1982 memo to Attorney General William French Smith regarding Smith’s upcoming meeting with the chair of the US Civil Rights Commission, Roberts urged Smith to “reiterate our commitment to the color-blind principle” in that meeting.
Though Roberts, and the conservative faction that he belonged to, lost the fight to get Reagan to veto the 1982 law, this movement was hardly a flash in the pan. The original Voting Rights Act of 1965 included a provision requiring states with a history of racist election practices to “preclear” any new election laws with federal officials to ensure that those laws would not prevent people of color from voting. This provision was initially set to expire in 1970, which meant that there was an internal fight within the Nixon administration over whether President Richard Nixon should sign an extension.
The conservative faction lost that fight too. They also lost similar fights over Voting Rights Act extensions in 1975, 1982, and 2006, all under Republican presidents. The 2006 extension, signed by President Bush, passed the House by a 390-33 margin, and it passed the Senate 98-0.
Ultimately, however, a conservative faction that was too weak to convince a single senator to oppose the 2006 extension had the last laugh. While this faction was only a minor player in Bush-era electoral politics, it dominated conservative legal groups like the Federalist Society and successfully pushed its own candidates for the Supreme Court. And so,in 2013, that Court struck down preclearance in Shelby County. Roberts wrote the opinion, which was joined by all of the Court’s Republicans.
The piecemeal death of the Voting Rights Act, in other words, wasn’t just the triumph of a once-impotent faction within the GOP over a voting rights law, it was a triumph over the democratic process itself. Time and time again, this faction lost its fight against the VRA in the two democratically elected branches of government. But none of that matters to a faction that controls the Supreme Court.
The colorblindness thesis is ahistorical
One irony of this fight over how the Constitution approaches race is that, while the most recent version of the Republican Party embraces colorblindness, it does so despite a lack of evidence that the Constitution’s racial equality provisions were originally understood to support this thesis. In Republican legal circles, it’s currently fashionable to tout originalism, the idea that the Constitution’s meaning was fixed at the time it was drafted or ratified, and that judges must interpret constitutional provisions in line with this original meaning. Several of the current justices, including Justices Clarence Thomas, Neil Gorsuch, and Amy Coney Barrett, are outspoken originalists.
But within the Supreme Court it was Justice Thurgood Marshall, the great civil rights lawyer turned liberal justice, who first examined how the 14th Amendment, with its guarantee that no one will be denied the “equal protection of the laws,” was understood by the post-Civil War Americans who drafted and ratified it. And that evidence does not support colorblindness.
“The Congress that passed the Fourteenth Amendment is the same Congress that passed the 1866 Freedmen’s Bureau Act, an Act that provided many of its benefits only to Negroes,” Marshall wrote in a separate opinion accompanying the Bakke decision. He also quoted members of Congress who complained during debates over this act that it gave Black people “favors that the poor white boy in the North cannot get,” as well as lawmakers who defended the “very discrimination” the Freedmen’s Bureau “makes between ‘destitute and suffering’ negroes and destitute and suffering white paupers.”
Seven years later, in 1985, legal scholar Eric Schnapper wrote a seminal paper fleshing out Marshall’s argument. Schnapper identified “eight Reconstruction measures establishing programs limited, in varying degrees, to blacks.” These laws included the Freedmen’s Bureau named by Marshall, as well as less significant laws offering targeted benefits to Black Americans. One law appropriated $15,000 “for the relief of freedmen or destitute colored people in the District of Columbia.” Another provided safeguards for Black veterans of the Union army.
For more than four decades, no justice even attempted to rebut Marshall and Schnapper’s originalist case for affirmative action. Indeed, the Court’s originalists were so silent that, in a 2013 article, conservative legal scholar Michael Rappaport complained that they have “not made any real effort to justify their affirmative action opinions based on the Constitution’s original meaning.”
Justice Thomas did finally attempt to rebut at least some of Marshall and Schnapper’s evidence in a concurring opinion in the Harvard case, but his response to the originalist case against colorblindness was quite feeble. Thomas’s opinion did “not contend that all of the individuals who put forth and ratified the Fourteenth Amendment universally believed” in colorblindness, and he claimed that the historical record is “sparse.”
Regarding the Freedman’s Bureau, Thomas argued that the laws authorizing it “applied to freedmen (and refugees), a formally race-neutral category, not blacks writ large,” even though “freedmen” is a category that consisted entirely of Black people. Regarding the other Reconstruction-era laws identified by Schnapper, Thomas discussed two of them.
Thomas acknowledged that “an 1866 law adopted special rules and procedures for the payment of ‘colored’ servicemen in the Union Army,” but anachronistically claimed that this law does not show that its 19th-century drafters rejected colorblindness because it may survive the strict scrutiny test that the Supreme Court devised during the 20th century. Thomas also conceded that “another law, passed in 1867, provided funds for ‘freedmen or destitute colored people’ in the District of Columbia,” but speculated that Congress “may have enacted the measure” — which again, used the words “colored people” — “not because of race, but rather to address a special problem in shantytowns in the District where blacks lived.”
All of which is a long way of saying that the colorblindness thesis is a far more recent invention than its most prominent proponents acknowledge. It was primarily devised, not by post-Civil War lawmakers seeking to undo the legacy of slavery, but by late 20th-century conservatives who opposed programs like affirmative action.
If there was a serious originalist case for colorblindness, one of the justices would have made it in the 45-year period between Marshall’s opinion in Bakke and Thomas’s opinion in Harvard. And when Thomas finally did attempt to rebut the evidence gathered by Marshall and Schnapper, key prongs of his argument rested on anachronism and conjecture.
The fate of affirmative action and similar programs should be decided by elected officials, not by judges
In 2006, the people of Michigan voted to end affirmative action in that state’s university system. This ban sparked a far-fetched lawsuit claiming that it was somehow unconstitutional for the state to enact such a policy. As Judge Jeffrey Sutton wrote about this suit, the plaintiffs’ argument “transforms a potential virtue of affirmative action into a vice,” because “if there is one feature of affirmative-action programs that favors their constitutionality, it is that they grow out of the democratic process.”
The question of what, if anything, should be done to racially diversify campuses — or to otherwise lift up communities that faced hundreds of years of enslavement, segregation, or other forms of government-sanctioned racism — is fraught. It is entirely reasonable to believe, as Chief Justice Roberts argued in Shelby County, that the same aggressive civil rights policies that were necessary to tear down Jim Crow in the 1960s are no longer needed two generations later. It is also reasonable to believe that, in a nation where the median white household earns over $36,000 more per year than the median Black household, that not enough is being done to close this gap.
Judge Sutton’s insight, in other words, should cut both ways. In a democracy, we are supposed to resolve these sorts of fraught questions through elections, not litigation. As the original history of the 14th Amendment shows, the United States did not ratify the post-Civil War constitutional amendments to prevent Harvard from diversifying its campus, and we certainly did not do so to prevent Congress from requiring former Confederate states to give some legislative representation to Black people.
Similarly, proponents of colorblindness are more than capable of enacting their preferred policies without having to bypass democracy. Unlike the disenfranchised families who brought the Brown case, advocates of colorblindness do not need a judicial decree to advance their political goals — they can enact their preferred policies the same way that they did in Michigan’s 2006 election, by persuading voters that they are correct.
Nevertheless, by constitutionalizing colorblindness, the Republican justices have attempted to lock in place what could be, at most, a very transient electoral consensus around their preferred racial policy.If the American people decide, in the 2028 election or beyond, that the recent turn against laws like the Voting Rights Act was a terrible idea, they will have to replace the Supreme Court before they can reinstate those laws.
Celtic will play against Austrian champions LASK in the Champions League play-off round as four other Scottish sides discover potential Europa League and Conference League opponents.
Привет, Хабр! Меня зовут Алексей, я архитектор в команде Скала^р (входим в Группу Rubytech). Мы разрабатываем программно-аппаратные комплексы (ПАК) — для баз данных, динамической инфраструктуры, интеллектуального хранения данных, больших данных и отраслевых задач в госсекторе, финансах и промышленности. В этой статье — про один из самых молодых, но самых турбулентных классов ПАК в нашем портфеле: инфраструктуру под ИИ-задачи, на примере «Машины искусственного интеллекта Скала^р (Скала^р МИИ)».
Формат статьи немного нетипичный для обзора продукта. Я не буду перечислять фичи по порядку — вместо этого попробую показать путь типового заказчика: с какими проблемами он сталкивается не на этапе закупки, а через два-три месяца эксплуатации, когда стенд уже работает, деньги потрачены, а перформанс почему-то не тот, что ожидался. И сразу — что мы сделали в ПАК, чтобы заказчик в принципе не попадал в эту точку.
Перед запуском рекламы важно понять, какова ситуация на рынке. Сколько будет стоить привлечение аудитории, какие площадки работают эффективнее и какой бюджет потребуется для достижения целей. Без этих данных сложно оценить окупаемость кампаний и грамотно распределить расходы с учетом ниши, региона и выбранных каналов продвижения.
Чтобы упростить задачу, мы поквартально сравнили с помощью инструмента «Пульс click.ru» показатели 2025 и 2026 годов. Проанализировали, как меняются ключевые метрики интернет-рекламы, и объяснили причины изменений. В статье разобрали:
Meeting follows years of questions over wellbeing of detained former leader, who was ousted by coup in 2021
Myanmar’s detained former leader Aung San Suu Kyi has met a representative of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the aid organisation has confirmed.
The meeting on Monday followed years of questions over the wellbeing of the 81-year-old, whose whereabouts and health condition have been largely unknown since the elected civilian government she led was ousted by a military coup in February 2021.
Привет, это практика BI GlowByte. В прошлой статье мы говорили про новый продукт FanRuan Dora – дата-агентов поверх BI. Мы разобрали, как устроены агенты, какие роли они выполняют и с чего лучше начинать внедрение. В продолжение темы поговорим о требованиях к данным. Тема вполне актуальная и родилась не на пустом месте. Последние полгода заказчики нам стабильно задают один и тот же вопрос: «У нас есть BI, можно ли поставить сверху ИИ-агента, чтобы он сам отвечал на вопросы руководства?»
Да, это выполнимая задача, но для старта необходимо понимать, что из себя представляют ваши данные в BI.
Наш партнёр FanRuan привел хорошие примеры в статье Fast Answers Are Not Enough: Why Data Agents Need AI-Ready Data. Автор публикации Сабер Чен, AI Product Architect & CPO FanRuan, не так давно выступал на конференции GlowByte и рассказывал о развитии продуктов компании в эпоху искусственного интеллекта. В статье он сформулировал пять требований к данным, которые должны быть выполнены до того, как вы подключаете ИИ. Мы взяли эти тезисы и развернули их в практический чек-лист. Он отлично демонстрирует и подход GlowByte к проверке метрик.
After visits by US ambassador Mike Huckabee to the nearby Israeli settlement of Shilo, Palestinian Americans in Turmus Ayya have witnessed a terrifying rise in attacks
No man’s land in Turmus Ayya lies where the US flags end and the Israeli flags begin. It is a few hundred metres of soil scorched by molotov cocktails where Israeli settlers have placed a boulder to tell the Palestinian villagers: this is our land now.
On one side of that boulder are the white-stoned mansions where the Palestinian residents of Turmus Ayya live. About 80% of them are US citizens, members of the diaspora in New York, Chicago and Paterson, New Jersey, who return for the summers and bring their children here to experience Palestinian culture and learn Arabic. Many call themselves proud American patriots and fly the stars and stripes from their balconies.
Pacific nation is latest country to signal a shift away from its colonial past with return to its traditional name
The Pacific Island country of Nauru has changed its name to the Republic of Naoero, its president said, matching the spelling and pronunciation in the national language.
The country’s international code will change from NRU to NRO and its people will be known as dei-Naoero instead of Nauruan. Commonly known abroad by the pronunciation of Now-roo, the new name is spoken as Now-ero.
В прошлой статье я рассказывал про WhyTrend — open-source инструмент, который не просто находит аномалии во временных рядах, а пытается объяснить, почему они произошли: собирает внешний контекст (новости, Hacker News, Wikipedia) и формирует объяснение со ссылками на источники. Если коротко: идея выросла из наблюдения, что находить аномалии мы научились отлично, а вот объяснять их до сих пор приходится вручную — гуглить, листать Reddit и Slack, собирать гипотезу самому.
Эта статья — про внутреннюю кухню: почему WhyTrend в итоге оказался фреймворком, а не очередной библиотекой, и какие архитектурные решения к этому привели.
Практически каждый год техногиганты и амбициозные стартапы сжигают миллионы долларов на устройства, которые кажутся нелепыми еще на этапе презентации. В них разумные по отдельности технологии и идеи соединяются в неудобный или вовсе нежизнеспособный продукт.
Сон разума рождает чудовищ. И сон инженерного разума рождает таких вот технологических химер. На нескольких громких примерах из разных поколений разберем, какие продуктовые ошибки приводят к их появлению: неверная оценка трендов, попытка изменить устоявшийся UX, чрезмерное усложнение простой задачи и слишком ранний выбор формы для новой технологии.
В этом тексте мы отправимся в своеобразную кунсткамеру инженерной мысли, чтобы полюбоваться самыми яркими примерами таких мутантов: от пластиковой кошки для выхода в ранний веб до соковыжималки за 700 $ и перегревающейся ИИ-броши Pin.
А еще разберем, как распознать такую химеру еще до ее провала. Посмотрим, когда новый гаджет действительно упрощает жизнь, а когда добавляет лишние действия, идет против более сильного рыночного тренда или превращает простую задачу в дорогую экосистему.
ПО «Береста» – отечественный флагман в мире систем резервного копирования и восстановления данных (РКиВД) корпоративного уровня. Мы активно развиваемся и уже работаем во многих высоконагруженных инфраструктурах. Однако наши заказчики всё чаще сталкиваются с вызовом: им нужна единая платформа для бэкапа самых разных типов данных – от файловых массивов и СУБД до облачных сервисов и Kubernetes-приложений. Сегодня один из самых востребованных и перспективных источников — это приложения и сервисы на базе Kubernetes.
Проблема в том, что альтернативные решения либо не соответствуют требованиям безопасности, либо предлагают отдельные «островные» решения, никак не связанные с общей экосистемой РКиВД, либо в целом не имеют поддержки сред контейнеризации. Для решения этой задачи мы интегрируем в Бересту функционал для резервного копирования и восстановления систем, развернутых на базе Kubernetes.
В этой статье расскажем, как устроена эта интеграция: от создания источника данных и обнаружения подов до процесса бэкапа и восстановления.
California voters left without a candidate from their own party after the top-two primary could still hold strategic sway in key congressional contests.
Мы создаём Promto как первую облачную AI-операционную систему — среду, в которой агенты получают приложения, файлы, терминал, браузер, вычисления и возможность работать в фоне. Рассказываем, как мы встроили в эту ОС OpenClaw и Hermes, добавили Telegram и автоматизации по расписанию — и почему для этого оказалось недостаточно просто запустить CLI в облаке.
Exclusive: court records reviewed by the Guardian show medical procedures included force-feeding, intravenous forced hydration and involuntary blood draws
Homeland security officials under the Trump administration have quietly attempted to subject at least 10 hunger strikers in US immigrant detention to involuntary medical procedures, including force-feeding, a Guardian investigation has found.
In 2025 and 2026, officials had definitely performed the procedures on at least three detained immigrants and probably subjected two more to the forced treatment – widely considered torture by human rights groups. The other five people gave in and broke their hunger strike at the last minute as force-feeding procedures loomed.
One Kurdish asylum seeker and hunger striker detained at the privately run Port Isabel service processing center in Los Fresnos, south Texas, was subjected to force-feeding for nearly eight months, according to a series of filings in the southern district of Texas federal court, beginning in May 2025 and ending only when he was deported.
Another hunger striker at the same facility was subjected to involuntary medical procedures, including force-feeding, for nearly six months between September 2025 and March 2026, filings in the same court show.
Someone detained at the Krome service processing center in Miami, a privately run ICE jail, was subjected to forced medical procedures for nearly three months, filings in the southern district of Florida federal court show. DHS seemingly began the forced practices three days before Trump’s 2025 inauguration for a second term, then continued.
Two other hunger strikers, one at the Northwest ICE processing center in Washington state and another inside the Montgomery processing center on the outskirts of Houston, Texas, were probably subjected to forced medical procedures, according to filings in the western district of Washington and in the southern district of Texas federal courts.
In at least five cases, hunger strikers detained in Texas, Arizona and Florida, ended their hunger strike right before officials began with the forced medical procedures, filings in the southern district of Texas, district of Arizona and southern district of Florida federal courts show.
The forced procedures were performed inside the detention centers.
In six cases reviewed by the Guardian, detained immigrants did not have any legal representation during the court proceedings granting the involuntary medical procedures.
The DHS and ICE have conducted these procedures throughout the years, regardless of which presidential administration is in power. In 2024, under Joe Biden, the Guardian found that the DHS attempted to subject at least 10 hunger strikers in ICE detention to forced medical treatment. It definitely proceeded with at least two people, and probably subjected at least four more people to them. However, since the return of Trump to the White House and the dramatic increase in immigration arrests and detention, medical experts and advocates worry more hunger strikes will occur and strikers will be subjected to the practices.
Look out for Force-fed by ICE parts two and three in the coming days
After visits by US ambassador Mike Huckabee to the nearby Israeli settlement of Shilo, Palestinian Americans in Turmus Ayya have witnessed a terrifying rise in attacks
No man’s land in Turmus Ayya lies where the US flags end and the Israeli flags begin. It is a few hundred metres of soil scorched by molotov cocktails where Israeli settlers have placed a boulder to tell the Palestinian villagers: this is our land now.
On one side of that boulder are the white-stoned mansions where the Palestinian residents of Turmus Ayya live. About 80% of them are US citizens, members of the diaspora in New York, Chicago and Paterson, New Jersey, who return for the summers and bring their children here to experience Palestinian culture and learn Arabic. Many call themselves proud American patriots and fly the stars and stripes from their balconies.
Internal documents show ICE's DNA collection has skyrocketed in the second Trump administration. Now hundreds of thousands of people never convicted of a crime are in an FBI criminal database forever.
A new report by the Center for New York City Affairs projected that a child care system for all children under 5 could cost the city about $9 billion a year.
Progressives hope momentum by Dr. Abdul El-Sayed will give them a signature victory. Centrists warn that picking him will backfire in November. Acrimony is everywhere.
The Pentagon is relying on closed-door hearings to kick out transgender service members. An Army Reserve lawyer is one of the few who have seen how they really work.
Earlier this year, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) stopped recommending that all children get an annual influenza vaccine. Instead, it made the shot a matter of “shared clinical decision-making”—something for parents and a doctor to weigh case by case—citing, among other reasons, a lack of randomized controlled trials proving the vaccine’s efficacy in children, including the very young.
After a lawsuit from public health organizations, a federal court blocked it, leaving the previous recommendation in place. But the case is ongoing, and earlier this year President Donald Trump issued an executive order directing the government to treat a recent HHS assessment as a “guiding resource” and to revisit the childhood vaccine schedule. That assessment argues that recent evidence behind annual flu shots for children, much of it from observational studies rather than randomized trials, is thin. While we believe that the evidence base, which in fact includes many clinical trials, is stronger than suggested by that assessment, it is correct to note that observational studies of annual flu shots suffer from various statistical biases.
In a new study published this summer, we showed one way that vaccine efficacy can be reliably measured each season using data we already collect, minimizing statistical bias without running a randomized trial at all. In principle, it’s a measurement that could be repeated every year.
Randomized trials have earned their reputation as the “gold standard” because they address a real statistical problem. When we simply compare children who got the flu shot with those who didn’t, for example, the two groups can differ in ways that have nothing to do with the vaccine, like how cautious their parents are or how often they visit a doctor. A randomized trial solves this by assigning the shot purely by chance, so the only way the groups differ is in whether they got a flu shot.
But randomized trials are not the only place to find randomized data. Sometimes the world randomizes people for us by accident.
Young children tend to have their annual checkup around their birthday, and that visit is a convenient moment for a flu shot if the vaccine happens to be available in the pediatrician’s office. Children with fall birthdays, who tend to see their pediatrician in the fall, just as the season’s vaccine arrives, can get it then and there. Children with summer birthdays have to make a separate trip, which many families never get around to doing. And birth month is essentially random when it comes to the flu; there is no biological reason a child born in October should need a flu shot more than a child born in June.
This lottery has real consequences. In a prior study, we showed that among children aged two to five, those with fall birthdays are more likely to be vaccinated, less likely to be diagnosed with the flu, and less likely to have a family member catch it than children with summer birthdays.
For this new study, we took advantage of this same randomization, but this time we used it to estimate how effective the vaccine was in each of five recent flu seasons, tracking vaccination and influenza rates among two- to five-year-olds with fall vs. summer birthdays.
In a given flu season, if children with fall birthdays were vaccinated more than children with summer birthdays, but didn’t get the flu less often, it would suggest that the flu shot wasn’t very effective in that season. This could happen if the strains of influenza that the flu shot protected against didn’t end up circulating that season. Alternatively, in a season where children with fall birthdays got vaccinated more and also avoided more flu than the summer-born children, it would tell us the vaccine was effective in that season.
In every season we examined, the vaccine clearly worked as intended: for every 100 children vaccinated because of the timing of their birthday—the children whose shot hinged on that convenient scheduling—there were between 9 and 14 fewer diagnosed cases of influenza, depending on the season.
If children with fall and summer birthdays are truly comparable—as they would be in a randomized trial—we shouldn’t see differences in conditions the flu shot doesn’t prevent. So, we compared their rates of non-influenza infections, like stomach viruses and common colds, and found no difference. That result suggested our flu findings weren’t the result of one group simply seeing the doctor more often, or being more health-conscious than the other.
As helpful as accidental randomization can be, producing what are called “natural experiments” like this one, true randomized controlled trials remain the most rigorous form of evidence. But it is simply not feasible to run a trial to settle every question medicine and public health face each year. Trials are slow, expensive, and logistically challenging. And when it comes to research on existing treatments, they can be unethical, since researchers cannot withhold treatments believed to be effective just to keep proving the point.
If the federal government’s concern is that we lack fresh randomized evidence that a long-established treatment is effective, the solution isn’t to stop the treatment and wait for a trial that may never come. Using the enormous quantity of data the health care system already generates—that is largely sitting idle and unexamined—to its fullest potential is an excellent alternative. Birthdays handed us a natural experiment that, unlike a randomized trial, didn’t require enrolling thousands of patients, spending millions of dollars, or waiting years to complete.
With a bit of creativity and rigorous statistical methods, that evidence can be drawn from the data we already have in the form of natural experiments. The efficacy of flu shots in children is just one of thousands of questions we could answer this way—no new trial required.