RSS Feeds

The Guardian’s picture editors select photographs from around the world

Маск анонсировал проект орбитальных ИИ-дата-центров под скромным названием AI Sat Mini. Заявленная цель — вывод 100 ГВт компьюта (вычислительной мощности) в год, что потребует вывода на орбиту тысяч тяжелых спутников. Это крайне затратный процесс, поэтому предлагается перенести сборку на Луну и отправлять аппараты на орбиту с помощью электромагнитной катапульты: низкая гравитация и отсутствие атмосферы кратно упрощают запуск.

Однако производство современных чипов на Луне невозможно. Нанолитография требует сверхчистых стерильных сред, бесперебойных поставок редких химических реагентов и колоссальных объемов очищенной воды. Производственная цепочка распределена по миру и жизнеспособна только когда миллиардный глобальный спрос окупает триллионные затраты на полупроводниковые фабрики. Попытка перенести процесс на Луну приведет к экономическому коллапсу.

Однако для всей идеи это не приговор. Да, вычислительные чипы важны, но они составляют малую часть от общей массы. Основной вес аппарата приходится на силовые каркасы, радиаторы охлаждения и солнечные панели. Их конструкция относительно проста, а значит, плавить лунный реголит для отливки корпусов и раскатывать подложки панелей можно прямо на месте, доставляя остальные компоненты с Земли для финальной сборки.

Здесь возникает главный вопрос: насколько вообще реалистичен такой подход и есть ли в нем практический смысл, если разделить производство на лунную и земную части?

Этому вопросу и посвящен цикл статей. В нем мы последовательно разберем ключевые узлы спутниковой платформы. Начнем с солнечных панелей — основного источника энергии. Затем рассмотрим радиаторы охлаждения, силовой корпус, гиродины для ориентации, двигательную установку и другие системы.

J1939 это высокоуровневый проприетарный протокол используемый поверх CAN. Появился в середине 198х годов. Этот протокол работает в груpовых автомобилях: автобусы, грузовики, самосвалы, фуры, БелАЗы и прочее. Протокол J1939 принципиально не применяется в легковых автомобилях.

В автомобилях много датчиков: напряжения, температуры, давления масла, датчики дальномеры для помощи парковки, радары круиз конторля, давление в шинах. Все эти данные передаются в блок управления двигателем по протоколу J1939. 

По J1939 происходит управление трансмиссией, генератором, двигатели, форсунками, тормозами и прочим.

← Девятая часть

В предыдущих постах мы подробно разбирали каждый слой: CPU, арифметику, скриптовый интерпретатор, оборудование. Вот, что окончательный отчёт о синтезе Quartus сообщает обо всех них: в готовой архитектуре используется 1593 логические ячейки из доступных в EP2C5 4608 (35% чипа) с 594 выделенными логическими регистрами и 17 блоками памяти M4K. Сам модуль CPU занимает 1173 из этих логических ячеек и 400 регистров. Остальная логика отдана периферии: драйверу ЖК‑дисплея (154 логические ячейки), сканеру клавиатуры (97), интерфейсу термопринтера (64), таймеру CTC (49) и аппаратному PRNG (20). 12 блоков памяти M4K занимает ROM микрокода (49152 бит: это полная программа калькулятора), 2 блока — ROM скриптинга (8192 бита), 1 — ROM BCD‑констант, 1 — таблица поиска для BCD‑умножения внутри CPU и 1 блок — ОЗУ. Меня это очень радует: полнофункциональный научный калькулятор уместился в 35% небольшой дешёвой FPGA.

Zhu was renowned for reforms that sought to transition China from the post-Maoist years to a more global market-oriented financial system, without ceding party control over the economy.

Falling water levels linked to weather system are expected to limit number of slots to transit shipping lane

Commercial ships travelling through the Panama canal are facing a rise in costs amid disruption triggered by the Iran war and falling water levels linked to this year’s intense El Niño weather system.

Highlighting the fragility of global trade, a container ship reportedly paid about $4m (£3m) to jump a queue of vessels waiting to pass through the vital maritime choke point.

Falling water levels linked to weather system are expected to limit number of slots to transit shipping lane

• Business live – latest updates

Commercial ships travelling through the Panama canal are facing a rise in costs amid disruption triggered by the Iran war and falling water levels linked to this year’s intense El Niño weather system.

Highlighting the fragility of global trade, a container ship reportedly paid about $4m (£3m) to jump a queue of vessels waiting to pass through the vital maritime choke point.

Вместо обычной команды разработки над проектами работают 10+ ИИ-агентов: они сами создают карточки, спорят друг с другом и двигают задачи по доске. Вот как директор компании всем этим управляет.

Mollie, a 10-month-old pet hamster in the Netherlands, probably runs a lot more than you. 

We know this because, a few weeks ago, a Dutch physicist named Thijs — who owns Mollie — rigged up the rescued hamster’s running wheel to Strava, a popular app that runners use to log their miles. Thijs found that Mollie typically runs around six miles every night.

“He’s beating me,” Thijs told the CBC. “Almost 70 kilometres a week, which I think many people doing marathon training would be happy to hit.”

The internet loves a quirky animal story, and this one has gotten plenty of attention on Reddit and X. Mollie even got a recent profile in Runner’s World, and he now has over 9,000 followers on Strava. Mollie’s Strava updates are headlined with cute puns like “No Rest for the Whiskered,” and “The Fast and the Furriest.”

I get why so many people are cheering on Mollie and his commitment to going the distance: Hamsters are adorable, and the idea of one logging miles on Strava is extra charming. But the light-hearted virality of the story masks a fundamental problem with owning small pets like hamsters. Mollie evolved to run in an open and diverse ecosystem, but he lives in a small cage and doesn’t have much to do besides circle endlessly in a simple wheel.

Big problems with small pets

Most pet hamsters are Syrian hamsters, native to that country’s Aleppinian plateau — steppe terrain in the northern part of the country. In the wild, they regularly traverse the landscape to forage for food, consuming a wide sampling of seeds, fruits, insects, and green vegetation. They store their haul in their cheeks while journeying back to their two-foot deep burrows. 

But, as pets, they’re largely fed a monotonous diet of grain pellets and are confined to tiny cages where they can’t engage in their natural behaviors, like building proper burrows, traveling for food, and exploring their turf. Confining a dog or cat in a kennel for all or most of their lives would no doubt be a severe form of cruelty, yet we’ve normalized doing so for small animals whom we’re less likely to view as capable of suffering, even though there’s no scientific basis for that assumption.

And while you might think it could be nice for an animal to not have to work for their food, research has found that many species don’t like to freeload (cats might be one exception). On top of all of that, according to some research, these smaller pets are less likely to receive veterinary care to address their ailments and injuries than cats and dogs. 

Their tedious and confined existence can contribute to “stereotypic” behavior: repetitive motions, like gnawing on cage bars, that are indicators of stress. Some animal welfare researchers have proposed that wheel use could also be a sign of stress — or that it could indicate an urge to run or escape. One other study suggested it might help reduce other stereotypic behaviors. 

“I think that the welfare of these animals is worse than anybody else’s,” Jessica Pierce, a bioethicist and author of several books on the ethics of pet keeping, told Vox for a previous story. She was talking about small pets in general — not just hamsters, but also species like snakes, fish, and birds, most of whom are still much more wild than our domesticated cats and dogs (who also might not be as happy as we think). 

Thijs, for his part, is sympathetic to these concerns, which he told me over email were fair. “I hope the attention that Mollie got will not result in people impulsively buying hamsters (and then forgetting about them after it turns out their hamsters just sleep 80% of the time),” he said.

He adopted Mollie from someone who could no longer take care of him and who kept him in an even smaller enclosure. “[Mollie] showed some behaviour that really concerned us back then (climbing, biting the fence, etc),” Thijs said over email. So, within the first week, he upgraded Mollie to a larger cage and a larger wheel and got him some toys, which seemed to improve his mood.

“I think some behavioural aspects (more running, digging tunnels in the bedding, ‘foraging’ if we hide food in the bedding) make his behaviour closer to natural, but it’s, of course, never like in the wild,” he said. Thijs also wonders whether his data-gathering might provide insight into how certain actions — like when he cleans Mollie’s bedding or when he stays up late watching Netflix — affects Mollie’s running behavior. 

“People often talk about pets being ‘happy,’ but, especially with small animals, that’s difficult to assess objectively,” he told me. “I’m curious whether long-term activity data might give us useful clues about changes in his behaviour or wellbeing!”

Inside a “hamster mill”

While Thijs adopted Mollie, there’s also the question about where many of these pets come from. A 2024 undercover investigation by the nonprofit Last Chance for Animals into a massive US “hamster mill” documented thousands of rodents being bred and raised in overcrowded, small, barren cages. Some of the animals were dehydrated, diseased, and suffered from wounds. Individual animals weren’t provided with veterinary care, and breeding hamsters whose production dropped — along with litter runts — were gassed to death.  

Investigations into other rodent mills have found similar problems. Such investigations, combined with veterinarians’ concerns with keeping small animals as pets, has driven some cities — including Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Washington, DC — to prohibit pet stores from selling rodents and other small pets.  

I don’t mean to single out Thijs for his interesting experiment, especially considering he adopted Mollie and immediately improved his life. But animal ethicists like Pierce argue that however much effort one puts into giving these small pets a better life, it likely doesn’t ever add up to a good life, considering the constraints of cage confinement and other common care issues. 

To Pierce and some of her colleagues, the sizable gap between what small pets need and what they often get reveals a largely hidden but serious crisis of animal neglect and suffering. And that’s rarely mentioned, if at all, in viral social media posts or news articles about these critters. 

If we take a moment to pause and see Mollie’s life for what it is — and examine the industry that breeds these small animals for profit — all those miles he’s logging on Strava seem more like daily posts saying that he’s striving for a far different life with no way to get there. 

“This entire ‘track his runs on Strava’ thing started off more as a geeky side-project, I never expected it to get anywhere near this much attention,” Thijs told me. “But it’d be nice if you can use it as a way to educate people (including me!) about the ethical considerations!”

A version of this story originally appeared in the Future Perfect newsletter. Sign up here!

Компании годами ищут «золотой стандарт» тестирования, один набор правил для любого проекта. Такого стандарта нет и не появится. Одинаковые правила либо задушат лёгкий проект дорогой инфраструктурой, либо оставят критическую систему с серьёзными уязвимостями.

Как выстраивать процессы контроля качества под конкретный продукт, рассказала Светлана Иванова, ведущий инженер по автоматизации тестирования в М.Тех (технологическое подразделение М.Видео).

Vice-chancellor Deborah Prentice says she recognises the ‘difficult case’ has damaged the university

Cambridge University’s leadership has bowed to internal pressure for an independent investigation into its appointment of Jason Arday as a professor, with its vice-chancellor admitting the affair has damaged the institution.

Prof Deborah Prentice said she recognised the “anger and anxiety around this damaging and difficult case” but described it as an aberration that should not be used to cast aspersions on the abilities of its staff of colour.

As London restaurants say wild birds are smaller and fewer this year, experts say countryside should not be ‘playground for bloodsports’

Every year on 12 August, fans of traditional British cuisine flock to plush restaurants in Mayfair to dine on grouse served with bread sauce and game chips.

But those hoping to find the small wild birds, sourced from the UK’s moorlands, may be disappointed. Wildfires have been raging on moors across the UK, burning habitats and incinerating wildlife after record-breaking heat has turned the landscape into a tinderbox.

Sadiq Khan has indicated the technology will be deployed on London’s Oxford Street despite human rights concerns

The Metropolitan police are understood to be planning to use live facial recognition (LFR) technology on Britain’s busiest shopping street.

In June the Met said it would introduce the technology in London’s West End by Christmas and into a further six areas next year. Sadiq Khan, the London mayor, has indicated that the newly pedestrianised Oxford Street will be included.

• Two-foot venomous snake found inside helmet

• Player wore gear for nearly an hour without a bite

• Officers used water to force reluctant reptile out

A high school football player in Arkansas had every right to be rattled after finding a venomous snake inside his helmet during practice.

The Maumelle High student felt unusual movement inside his headgear following warmups last week and brought his helmet to an assistant coach for inspection. A slithering two-foot cottonmouth was discovered behind some padding.

• Coach was booed by sections of Fever fanbase

• Fever’s success on court continues despite distractions

Indiana Fever coach Stephanie White has pushed back on those who have criticized how she has handled the controversy that erupted after Saturday’s game between her team and the Chicago Sky.

Sky’s DiJonai Carrington was ejected for a Flagrant 2 foul after she struck Fever’s Sophie Cunningham in the head and neck during Saturday’s game. Afterwards, White, – who previously coached Carrington at ⁠the Connecticut Sun – said she did not believe Carrington intentionally aimed for Cunningham’s neck. White was booed by some Fever fans before Tuesday’s win over the New York Liberty, while Indiana’s lieutenant governor has called for her to be fired.

Why waste the tastiest bit of the cheese?

Although parmesan rind is tough, it has just as much, if not more flavour than the cheese from inside the wheel itself. It can be used just as it is to flavour stock or risi e bisi (Venetian pea risotto), but grating it opens up a whole range of other uses, such as in my mac and cheese “rinds” and today’s parmesan rind pesto. The flavour is very powerful, though, so add it to taste: you may find that you need a lot less than you think you do.

The gigantic aquatic acrobats are exciting Brazil’s tourists as numbers recover from whaling. But some marine biologists question how booming tourism and conservation can coexist

The anticipation is palpable onboard the Boaventura II as the yacht sets off from Rio de Janeiro at sunrise. Once beyond the Cagarras Islands, rocky outcrops just three miles off Ipanema beach, the group gathers at the bow and starts scanning the horizon.

They do not have to wait long. “Eleven o’clock!” someone calls out, as a pod of bottlenose dolphins appears, playfully diving in and out of the water. Then, two spouts of vapour hanging in the air signal the reason for the outing: a pair of humpback whales. The majestic mammals surface to breathe with an unhurried chuff, before revealing the underside of their fluke as they dive back underwater.

Я представляю, насколько поверхностным может казаться такой текст на Хабре, но по личному опыту могу сказать: огромное количество суперпрофессиональных, талантливых IT-бизнесменов, программистов и даже дизайнеров, не знают, как снимать скриншоты, и мучаются, пользуясь неподходящими инструментами.

Поэтому — гайд по тому, как делать скриншоты, от самых простых, универсальных способов, до сложных, заточенных под специфические задачи инструментов.

Не стесняйтесь его читать.