Геометрия пузыря: почему 13,8 млрд лет — это предел обзора, а не возраст Вселенной
Последние данные космического телескопа «Джеймс Уэбб» (JWST) создали серьезную проблему для стандартной космологической модели. На самых дальних рубежах наблюдения обнаружены массивные, полностью сформированные галактики и сверхмассивные черные дыры. Согласно принятому таймлайну, у материи было всего около 300–500 миллионов лет после Большого взрыва, чтобы собраться в эти структуры. По законам ядерной физики и гидродинамики это невозможно: газ просто не успел бы остыть и сжаться под действием гравитации за такой короткий срок.
Чтобы спасти текущую дату возраста Вселенной (13,8 млрд лет), исследователям приходится усложнять модели, допуская, что в раннем космосе физические константы или скорость зажигания звезд были принципиально другими.
Однако противоречие исчезает, если проанализировать саму геометрию того, как мы измеряем космос в трехмерном пространстве.
Трехмерный парадокс «начала времен»
В популярной культуре расширение Вселенной часто иллюстрируют двухмерным графиком-воронкой, где из одной нижней точки (Большого взрыва) вверх расходится ось времени, а в стороны — ось пространства. Это создает иллюзию, что мы движемся в определенном направлении от момента творения.
Если развернуть эту модель в честное трехмерное пространство и построить три физические оси координат (X, Y, Z) прямо из точки нахождения наблюдателя на Земле, мы получим следующий результат:
Pope Leo won't need further treatment after his surgery for lung cancer, the Vatican announced on Wednesday. CBS News foreign correspondent Chris Livesay reports.
Startup Recursive has released Flint, a free, laptop-sized coding model built largely by its own AI research system, as an early test of AI that improves itself.
The carmaker, which is controlled by Elon Musk and is considering merging with another of his companies, SpaceX, spent heavily on artificial intelligence and other new technologies.
Trump's push to end the war that has raged since 2022 comes as midterm elections could give Democrats control of Congress, expanding their oversight powers.
New Mexico Attorney General Raúl Torrez filed a lawsuit Wednesday against two of Jeffrey Epstein's closest confidants, attorney Darren Indyke and accountant Richard Kahn.
В понедельник мужчина в автомобиле наехал на депутата австралийского парламента Хелен Хейнс, когда она припарковала машину около своего офиса. В среду стало известно, что ей ампутировали обе ноги. Состояние Хейнс остается критическим, но стабильным. Полиция считает атаку преднамеренной и арестовала подозреваемого.
Компании Meta, владеющей, помимо прочего, соцсетями фейсбук и инстаграм и мессенджером WhatsApp, назначен крупнейший в ее истории штраф по делу о защите персональных данных. В среду судья в американском штате Нью-Мексико обязал компанию выплатить 25 млрд долларов.
A long-awaited extension to Sydney’s metro line will open next week, bringing an end to more than two years of replacement buses for residents in the city’s south-west.
In a video shared on Instagram on Thursday morning, the New South Wales premier, Chris Minns, announced that the south-west metro extension would open on Friday 30 October. In a statement, the government said the first service would commence at 4.31am.
Manchester United captain Bruno Fernandes blames head coach Michael Carrick for the tactics that led to an embarrassing 4-1 defeat by Como in the Champions League.
As climate change fuels hotter summers, some Britons are moving north in search of cooler weather. Could a similar shift be on the horizon in the United States?
The verdict should be seen as a warning for tech companies that New Mexico will hold them accountable, state Attorney General Raúl Torrez said at a news conference.
The top Democrats on the House and Senate intelligence committees said they are working under the presumption that the president will seek to justify election interference by alleging fraud.
To compete with Tesla, Rivian, and a host of Chinese automakers, GM’s fourth-gen EV platform will roll out a new central computer and electrical architecture that will debut in 2028 in the Cadillac Escalade IQ.
Здравствуйте! Строгая академическая физика и уравнения ОТО Эйнштейна блестяще описывают покадровую динамику уже готового релятивистского "кино" Вселенной. Но ни одно сугубо барионное уравнение не способно ответить, откуда взялся сам Проектор, кто натянул тетиву Космической Рогатки инфляции и задал мировые константы с точностью до Планковского пикселя.
Чтобы решить этот вопрос без деления на ноль, системная логика требует признать существование Высшего Программатора — Единого Живого Поля Сознания. Материальный мир не возник из хаоса; он покадрово проецируется и разворачивается из этой Точки Нуля (0 = 0). Рисунок не может понять, как он появился, пока не признает существование Холста и Кисти Творца».
Предыдущая статья не ответила на Главный аргумент : «Статья не объясняет, как появилось Всё из ничего». Сегодня мы развернем физико-математический лог-файл Большого взрыва в рамках Общей теории относительности (ОТО) и квантовой космологии, интегрировав туда фактор Внешнего Наблюдателя и Внешнего Единого Поля.
ЭТАП 0. Математический НОЛЬ И ФАКТОР ДВУХ НАБЛЮДАТЕЛЕЙ (t = 0)
До начала Планковской эпохи Мультивселенная находится в состоянии абсолютного термодинамического и квантового штиля — в Причинном Океане Общего Единого Поля Мультивселенных. Это зона идеального баланса, где тензор энергии-импульса равен нулю.
Точкой старта («Большим взрывом») является бинарный импульс двух Внешних Наблюдателей (противоположных потенциалов). В квантовой механике (согласно копенгагенской интерпретации Борна-Гейзенберга) система обретает физические параметры только в миг Измерения. Волевой акт двух Высших факторов наблюдения совершает квантовое измерение вакуума, локально скручивая гладкий Холст Океана в экстремальный по плотности узел.
Emissions from the United States have far exceeded that of all other countries notes the UNEP Emissions Gap report. —Jon Cherry—Getty Images
The goal of limiting global warming to below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is largely out of reach. That’s according to the United Nations Environmental Program’s (UNEP) 2026 Emissions Gap report released on Wednesday, considered the definitive assessment of global climate action.
“We’ve spent decades postponing cuts to emissions and now we’re facing the consequences,” Anne Olhoff, director of the UNEP-Copenhagen Climate Centre, and one of the report’s authors, said after the report’s publication. “The world can still attain the goals of the Paris Agreement but we must work hard to not only meet but surpass our most ambitious climate targets. The longer we wait, the larger the risk that we jeopardize the temperature goal.”
While the report’s warning is stark, that doesn’t mean that all hope is lost. Coordinated efforts to reduce emissions can still have a meaningful impact on climate change, it says—but action must be taken quickly.
Here are the biggest takeaways from the Emissions Gap report.
The 1.5°C target is mostly out of reach
Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, the world agreed to halt planetary warming at 2°C above pre-industrial temperatures and to pursue efforts to limit warming by 1.5°C. Doing so would provide a greater chance at avoiding the worst impacts of climate change. The window to avoid overshooting the 1.5°C goal, however, is now closed, the report finds.
But that doesn’t mean that there’s no hope for climate action. It is still possible to limit the overshoot and bring temperatures back below 1.5 degrees by the end of the century. Every fraction of a degree of warming above 1.5°C increases climate impacts, making the goal to limit as much warming beyond 1.5°C all the more important.
The world is on track to reach 2.8°C of warming by 2100
Under the terms of the Paris Agreement, countries must submit updated climate pledges, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which outline specific goals to reduce national emissions. Based on the policies currently in place under the NDCs submitted by over 150 nations, the planet is on track to reach 2.8°C of warming by the end of the century.
Based on this, today’s report concludes that global climate pledges are falling short. If countries meet their new NDCs, which set upgraded targets for 2035 and were due last year,global warming is still projected to reach 2.6°C by the end of the century.
Both scenarios would have devastating consequences—dramatically transforming sea levels and ecosystems, and triggering compounding climate extremes such as higher temperatures and drought, increasing the likelihood of wildfires.
We need to cut carbon emissions by 18% in the next four years
The report notes that it is still possible to peak warming at 1.7°C or 1.8°C. Doing so would require major changes. We would need to cut emissions by 18% by 2030, 45% by 2035, and 69% by 2040, relative to 2025 levels. This would require sustained emissions cuts along with carbon dioxide removal.
“Every additional fraction of a degree and additional year of warming above 1.5°C increases climate impacts and risks, such as the deadly floods, heat waves, and wildfires that have plagued many nations this year,” said UNEP executive director Inger Andersen. “So, we must pull out all the stops to minimize peak warming and return to 1.5°C by the end of the century.”
The U.S. is a major outlier for emissions
While emissions growth has slowed down in most G20 countries, emissions in the United States “far exceeded that of all other countries," the report says. That’s due to the increased electricity demand, in part due to data centers, and new policies that encouraged the use of fossil fuels like coal over clean energy sources.
The report includes a statement from the State Department, noting that the U.S. "does not endorse or agree with its analysis or conclusions, and has not provided comments to this report."
The Trump Administration’s decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement also worsened the climate projections, as estimates no longer include climate action that would have been taken under the United States’s NDC targets.
The U.S. is the second largest emitter of climate-warming greenhouse gases, behind China, which has quickly become a world leader in renewable energy (while also ramping up coal production.)
Climate policies are reducing emissions
Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement just over a decade ago, global renewable electricity capacity has grown three times faster than anticipated, while solar PV build-out has increased seven times faster. If these trends were to continue, and coupled with more policies to support clean energy, the world would be on track to reach its renewable energy goals.
The report examined more than 200 climate policies and found that they target emission reductions across a wide range of sectors and countries. That’s an encouraging sign the report notes. All that’s left is for these solutions to be scaled faster.
“We have a wealth of success stories showing that emissions can be cut quickly,” said Andersen. “It is now up to nations to urgently put in place policies that spark fast, deep and sustained emissions reductions, and put the world on track for a more stable climate and more stable economies and societies.”
Musk says ‘there’s a lot of merit’ to potential merger that would require approval of 50% of all Tesla shareholders, but he declined to elaborate
Investors were paying close attention to Tesla’s third-quarter earnings call on Wednesday afternoon, after chief executive Elon Musk floated the idea of merging the car company with his rocket and AI company, SpaceX. But they didn’t glean further information after the company announced there would be no questions on the matter.
“With regard to a potential merger with SpaceX, I think I said everything that should be said yesterday,” Musk, the CEO of both companies, said on Tesla’s earnings call. He repeated a phrase he said on Tuesday: “I feel like I’m tap dancing through a minefield.”
The head of English football's watchdog will address the 72 clubs below the top flight on Thursday as the quest for a financial redistribution deal with the Premier League continues.
Pope Leo's doctors say final tissue and molecular tests have confirmed his lung cancer was localised, and no further treatment is needed, the Vatican said in a statement.
Several New South Wales MPs say they want their own bodies turned into “human compost” after Australian-first laws were passed allowing the unusual practice.
The laws, passed on Wednesday, provide a third legal option other than burial and cremation for the treatment of bodies.
In the shadow of the Alps, a boat ride from George Clooney’s villa, Manchester United’s torrid season plunged into chaos and infighting just 11 games in.
Michael Carrick’s status as United manager is now precarious because witnessed here by Lake Como was a humiliation of the three-time European champions by Cesc Fàbregas’s competition debutants.
Christina Applegate at the 2023 Screen Actors Guild awards. | Valerie Macon/AFP via Getty Images
Christina Applegate, the actor who has been one of the most visible faces of multiple sclerosis since her 2021 diagnosis, made a stunning revelation this week: She does not have MS after all. And her doctors still don’t know what is causing her debilitating symptoms.
“I’m back at square one,” Applegate told fellow actor Jamie Lynn Sigler, who does have MS, on Sigler’s podcast MeSsy. “I was not happy at all. Everybody else was so happy.”
It is a harrowing predicament for Applegate, and hopefully her medical team is able to get her the diagnosis and treatment she needs. But the fact is, her experience is not unique. Even as more and more Americans get diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, misdiagnosis remains all too common. According to one meta-analysis, roughly 15 percent of MS diagnoses may actually be false positives.
How could such a common medical condition — roughly 1 million Americans are living with the disease, about one in every 350 people — remain such a mystery? After Applegate’s announcement, I called some leading experts on MS to ask why diagnosing the disease is such a challenge, and what they want people to know. Here’s what I learned.
Why MS can be challenging to diagnose
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune condition: The body mistakenly attacks cells meant to protect your brain and spinal cord, and the resulting damage interrupts nerve signals and causes the disease’s telltale symptoms of motor impairment, tingling sensations, and vision problems. Some people experience a rollercoaster of relapses and remissions; others see the disease steadily progress, eventually leading to serious disability.
The reality is, scientists still don’t really know what causes MS to develop, said Dr. Andrew Solomon, a neurologist at the University of Vermont who specializes in MS. Smoking is a known risk factor. Obesity and metabolic problems play a role, but we need more research. Even the precise role of genetics remains something of a mystery. “We don’t really know what causes or triggers the autoimmune response in any given individual,” Solomon said.
And that’s where the challenge in diagnosing it begins.
First, the testing can be imprecise; there is not a single test that reliably diagnoses MS. If a doctor suspects their patient may have MS, they usually undergo an MRI, which their physicians then scour for lesions that are typically associated with the disease. But those scans are still subject to interpretation: Other rare conditions sometimes resemble MS in imaging, as can diseases of blood vessels in the brain. You can also receive a spinal fluid analysis to check for abnormalities in your immune system, which the vast majority of MS patients have.
The nature of MS symptoms adds to the difficulty. They can often be vague early on: brain fog or fatigue or a general malaise. The tingling or vision problems can be similar to symptoms for other conditions that are not MS, and they are easily dismissed if they go into temporary remission, as often happens during the initial phases of the disease.
“Neurological symptoms sometimes can be vague — numbness, pins and needles — and it’s usually short-lived,” Dr. Saud Sadiq, chief research scientist and director of the Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York, told me. “Unless they’re taken seriously initially, they may be ignored because by the time the patient goes through the healthcare system and is actually referred to a neurologist, the symptoms have abated.”
If your doctor is diagnosing you with MS, ask directly: What’s the evidence?
“Because it’s so heterogeneous, it doesn’t present in the same way in everybody and can have varying severity, it can be hard to diagnose sometimes,” Solomon said.
Lastly, when people are experiencing debilitating symptoms, there is pressure to deliver some diagnosis — and that may push some doctors to leap to MS even if they are not sure, Solomon said. The recent advent of effective treatments that help manage the disease’s symptoms, especially when it is caught early, may add to that pressure, even if the better course would be to continue monitoring the person before they start a medication.
“There may be a lot of clinicians who, if they can’t find a better explanation than MS, may be inclined to diagnose MS, even if they don’t really meet our diagnostic criteria, because they’re worried about missing a window of opportunity to treat somebody,” Solomon said.
There is reason to hope the MS misdiagnosis problem could get better. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society released new diagnostic criteria in 2024 that Solomon said more physicians should become familiar with to better distinguish MS from problems like migraines or vascular disease. And because imaging is involved in diagnosis, there is optimism that AI could be a powerful new tool in delivering more accurate results.
What everyone should know about MS symptoms and diagnosis
The good news is that MS, when diagnosed properly, is a treatable condition these days. “The prognosis with new drugs is extremely good for long-term care,” Sadiq told me. “If patients stick to treatment at a good MS center, you can look forward to a life without disability in 2026.”
So it is worth being vigilant and talking to your doctor if you experience any concerning symptoms. You should seek care if you have numbness or pins and needles that persists for more than 24 to 48 hours, Sadiq said, or have motor problems, like one hand won’t work as you try to play piano. Dr. Annette Langer-Gould, who develops and evaluates programs for MS care at Kaiser Permanente, said numbness in your abdomen, chest or back, as opposed to your extremities, is a particular cause for concern. If one eye has normal vision and the other is blurred, that’s another good reason to get checked out.
If you do get tested, make sure the actual images of your MRIs end up being reviewed by an expert in MS. “The most common reasons the disease is still misdiagnosed are related to the providers’ lack of expertise usually in reading MRI scans,” Langer-Gould said. The spinal tap may sound scary, and doctors sometimes don’t recommend them because their insurance reimbursement is low — but they add to the confidence of a diagnosis. They are worth it, she said.
“American patients are very afraid of the spinal tap,” Langer-Gould said. “My message to patients is: Listen, just get the spinal. This way we’ll be sure.”
And do not be afraid to seek a second opinion for such a serious diagnosis, Sadiq added. Every state has a recognized MS center. If your doctor is diagnosing you with MS, ask directly: What’s the evidence? If your doctor is recommending that you start treatment, it could also be worth checking whether they have a relationship with a pharmaceutical company that affects how you perceive their judgment, Langer-Gould said.
People who have already been diagnosed may also be shaken by the Applegate news and question whether their own diagnosis might be wrong. Solomon said that folks should have a frank conversation with their physician about how exactly their case met the diagnostic criteria. With proper imaging and the spinal fluid tests, you can get to a confident diagnosis for the vast majority of people. But be your own advocate to make sure you’re satisfied.
“For many people, the diagnosis actually can be very straightforward,” Solomon said. “We really have no question about what it is.”
As Amazon blocks AI agents from shopping on its site, Walmart is taking the opposite approach, introducing new technology that lets AI agents make purchases on customers' behalf, with controls over spending and transaction approvals.
Американский разработчик Джозеф Сперриер перед переездом нашел в шкафу Sense — трекер сна компании Hello, которая закрылась в 2017 году и унесла с собой облако. Хабр обозревал этот шар еще в 2014-м. Летом 2026-го Сперриер решил вернуть его к жизни вместе с Claude. Получилось за шесть недель — с проводами, неверной прошивкой и тупиком на 19 дней, в который человек и модель зашли вместе.
